{"id":1716,"date":"2025-10-22T12:24:40","date_gmt":"2025-10-22T10:24:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/carborem.greenthesisgroup.com\/faq\/"},"modified":"2025-11-20T09:23:10","modified_gmt":"2025-11-20T08:23:10","slug":"faq","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/carborem.greenthesisgroup.com\/en\/faq\/","title":{"rendered":"F.A.Q."},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"wp-block-evidenzio-columns hero_plain_text has-colore-tema-1-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-0ff1dca62c442bea4a6a76a7fd80a105\" style=\"color:#ffffff\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-evidenzio-column col-12 col-md-12 col-lg\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading text_large_xl\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"text_medium_large\">All the essential information about CarboREM and our solutions<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<section id=\"block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b-reeaterarchive\" class=\" fadeOnScreen blocco-repeaterarchive\">\n    <div class=\"container fadeOnScreen\">\n\n            <div class=\"accordion\" id=\"#accordion_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\">\n                             <div class=\"accordion-item\">\n                <h2 class=\"accordion-header \" style=\"font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 1.5rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.25rem;\">\n                    <button class=\"accordion-button title_regular title_small \" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#collapse_1_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\"  aria-expanded=\"true\"  aria-controls=\"collapse_1_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\" style=\"font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 1.5rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.25rem;\">\n                    1.  What is CarboREM and what problem does it solve?\n                    <\/button>\n                <\/h2>\n                <div id=\"collapse_1_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse  show \" data-bs-parent=\"#accordion_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\">\n                    <div class=\"accordion-body text_regular\" style=\"padding-left: 2.5rem; padding-right: 2.5rem;\">\n                        <p>CarboREM is a startup based on the innovative <strong data-start=\"282\" data-end=\"316\"> HTC <\/strong> \u2013 Hydro-Thermal Conversion process which <strong> transforms sludge into new <\/strong> <strong data-start=\"358\" data-end=\"381\"> energy and reusable materials <\/strong> (hydrochar + liquid rich in COD), aiming to <strong data-start=\"429\" data-end=\"465\"> reduce water, volume, and pathogens, <\/strong> and consequently, management\/disposal costs.<\/p>\n\n                                                                           <div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top: 4rem; margin-bottom: 3rem;\" >\n                            <div class=\"wp-block-button standard_boxed_button\" >\n                                <a title=\"About Us\" href=\"https:\/\/carborem.greenthesisgroup.com\/azienda\/\" class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" target=\"\" style=\"background-color: #2b3990; color:#fff;\"> About Us <\/a>\n                            <\/div>\n                         <\/div>\n                                             <\/div>\n                   \n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"accordion-item\">\n                <h2 class=\"accordion-header  collapsed \" style=\"font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 1.5rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.25rem;\">\n                    <button class=\"accordion-button title_regular title_small  collapsed \" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#collapse_2_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\"  aria-expanded=\"false\"  aria-controls=\"collapse_2_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\" style=\"font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 1.5rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.25rem;\">\n                    2. How does HTC work in simple terms?\n                    <\/button>\n                <\/h2>\n                <div id=\"collapse_2_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse   \" data-bs-parent=\"#accordion_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\">\n                    <div class=\"accordion-body text_regular\" style=\"padding-left: 2.5rem; padding-right: 2.5rem;\">\n                        <p>The HTC process operates <strong data-start=\"611\" data-end=\"626\">continuously<\/strong> with <strong data-start=\"631\" data-end=\"656\">ammonia recovery<\/strong> at ~<strong data-start=\"660\" data-end=\"673\">12\u201315 bar<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"676\" data-end=\"690\">180\u2013220\u00b0C<\/strong>, sterilizes the slurry and makes it <strong data-start=\"724\" data-end=\"752\">easily dewaterable<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Downstream, <strong data-start=\"771\" data-end=\"801\">solid\/liquid separation<\/strong> is performed (centrifuge or filter press).<\/p>\n<p>Output:<br data-start=\"838\" data-end=\"841\" \/>\u2022 <strong data-start=\"843\" data-end=\"854\">Liquid<\/strong>: high COD, <strong data-start=\"866\" data-end=\"896\">recirculatable to the digester<\/strong> to increase biogas;<br data-start=\"918\" data-end=\"921\" \/>\u2022 <strong data-start=\"923\" data-end=\"945\">Solid (hydrochar)<\/strong>: <strong data-start=\"947\" data-end=\"961\">hydrophobic<\/strong> and stable.<\/p>\n\n                                                                           <div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top: 4rem; margin-bottom: 3rem;\" >\n                            <div class=\"wp-block-button standard_boxed_button\" >\n                                <a title=\"Technology and Process\" href=\"https:\/\/carborem.greenthesisgroup.com\/tecnologia\/\" class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" target=\"\" style=\"background-color: #2b3990; color:#fff;\"> Technology and Process <\/a>\n                            <\/div>\n                         <\/div>\n                                             <\/div>\n                   \n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"accordion-item\">\n                <h2 class=\"accordion-header  collapsed \" style=\"font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 1.5rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.25rem;\">\n                    <button class=\"accordion-button title_regular title_small  collapsed \" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#collapse_3_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\"  aria-expanded=\"false\"  aria-controls=\"collapse_3_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\" style=\"font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 1.5rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.25rem;\">\n                    3. How much does the &#8220;dry matter&#8221; increase compared to standard solutions?\n                    <\/button>\n                <\/h2>\n                <div id=\"collapse_3_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse   \" data-bs-parent=\"#accordion_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\">\n                    <div class=\"accordion-body text_regular\" style=\"padding-left: 2.5rem; padding-right: 2.5rem;\">\n                        <p>Data indicates a <strong data-start=\"1099\" data-end=\"1119\">+10\u201320% increase in dry matter<\/strong> compared to standards, thanks to improved post-HTC dewaterability.<\/p>\n<p>Results <strong data-start=\"1253\" data-end=\"1277\">up to ~60% dry matter<\/strong> (vs. ~20% typical) can be achieved when the process is optimized: the order of magnitude is scenario-dependent (sludge type, settings, downstream chain).<\/p>\n<p>The actual sludge reduction consists of the <strong>conversion of dry matter<\/strong> into organic acids readily available to be converted into biogas by anaerobic digester bacteria.<\/p>\n\n                                                                      <\/div>\n                   \n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"accordion-item\">\n                <h2 class=\"accordion-header  collapsed \" style=\"font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 1.5rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.25rem;\">\n                    <button class=\"accordion-button title_regular title_small  collapsed \" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#collapse_4_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\"  aria-expanded=\"false\"  aria-controls=\"collapse_4_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\" style=\"font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 1.5rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.25rem;\">\n                    4. Is pre-centrifugation needed before HTC?\n                    <\/button>\n                <\/h2>\n                <div id=\"collapse_4_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse   \" data-bs-parent=\"#accordion_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\">\n                    <div class=\"accordion-body text_regular\" style=\"padding-left: 2.5rem; padding-right: 2.5rem;\">\n                        <p><strong data-start=\"1504\" data-end=\"1510\">No<\/strong>: one of the operational advantages is to proceed <strong data-start=\"1542\" data-end=\"1582\">immediately with HTC without initial centrifugation<\/strong>; separation occurs <strong data-start=\"1607\" data-end=\"1615\">after<\/strong> the reactor, on sterilized and more easily dewaterable material, with better yields.<\/p>\n\n                                                                      <\/div>\n                   \n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"accordion-item\">\n                <h2 class=\"accordion-header  collapsed \" style=\"font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 1.5rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.25rem;\">\n                    <button class=\"accordion-button title_regular title_small  collapsed \" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#collapse_5_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\"  aria-expanded=\"false\"  aria-controls=\"collapse_5_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\" style=\"font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 1.5rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.25rem;\">\n                    5. Why does HTC also lead to a reduction in transport and disposal costs?\n                    <\/button>\n                <\/h2>\n                <div id=\"collapse_5_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse   \" data-bs-parent=\"#accordion_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\">\n                    <div class=\"accordion-body text_regular\" style=\"padding-left: 2.5rem; padding-right: 2.5rem;\">\n                        <p data-start=\"1842\" data-end=\"2078\">Because <strong data-start=\"1849\" data-end=\"1889\">transport, treatment, and disposal<\/strong> are paid proportionally to volume. The higher the dry matter content by weight of the sludge and the wetter it is, the more it costs.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1842\" data-end=\"2078\">HTC reduces the kg of sludge dry matter to be disposed of and increases the hydrophobicity and dewaterability of the sludge.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1842\" data-end=\"2078\">Furthermore, HTC makes the solid <strong data-start=\"1993\" data-end=\"2029\">hydrophobic and highly dewaterable<\/strong>, reducing <strong data-start=\"2041\" data-end=\"2060\">volume and trips<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n                                                                      <\/div>\n                   \n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"accordion-item\">\n                <h2 class=\"accordion-header  collapsed \" style=\"font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 1.5rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.25rem;\">\n                    <button class=\"accordion-button title_regular title_small  collapsed \" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#collapse_6_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\"  aria-expanded=\"false\"  aria-controls=\"collapse_6_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\" style=\"font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 1.5rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.25rem;\">\n                    6. Are our plants compatible with solar greenhouses or turbine dryers?\n                    <\/button>\n                <\/h2>\n                <div id=\"collapse_6_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse   \" data-bs-parent=\"#accordion_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\">\n                    <div class=\"accordion-body text_regular\" style=\"padding-left: 2.5rem; padding-right: 2.5rem;\">\n                        <p data-start=\"2151\" data-end=\"2421\"><strong>Yes<\/strong>. HTC can be <strong data-start=\"2172\" data-end=\"2187\">an alternative<\/strong> to bio-drying\/dryers when efficiency is needed, or <strong data-start=\"2250\" data-end=\"2267\">complementary<\/strong> (initial consultation is performed to model the TCO vs. kWh\/\u20ac\/m\u00b3 of water removed). The goal is to win on costs and energy, case by case.<\/p>\n\n                                                                      <\/div>\n                   \n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"accordion-item\">\n                <h2 class=\"accordion-header  collapsed \" style=\"font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 1.5rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.25rem;\">\n                    <button class=\"accordion-button title_regular title_small  collapsed \" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#collapse_7_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\"  aria-expanded=\"false\"  aria-controls=\"collapse_7_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\" style=\"font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 1.5rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.25rem;\">\n                    7. What can I do with hydrochar?\n                    <\/button>\n                <\/h2>\n                <div id=\"collapse_7_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse   \" data-bs-parent=\"#accordion_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\">\n                    <div class=\"accordion-body text_regular\" style=\"padding-left: 2.5rem; padding-right: 2.5rem;\">\n                        <p>For the end-of-waste status, there are several outlets:<br data-start=\"2493\" data-end=\"2496\" \/>\u2022 <strong data-start=\"2498\" data-end=\"2522\">Packaging\/Cardboard<\/strong>: mixtures with recycled fibers, <strong data-start=\"2553\" data-end=\"2581\">substitution up to 30%<\/strong> of the fibrous material according to technical-regulatory suitability tests; sheets with mechanical properties comparable to testliner 3\u20134.<br data-start=\"2746\" data-end=\"2749\" \/>\u2022 <strong data-start=\"2751\" data-end=\"2774\">Solid fuel<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong data-start=\"2776\" data-end=\"2804\">\u2022 Sound-absorbing materials<\/strong> (construction)<br \/>\n<strong data-start=\"2817\" data-end=\"2835\">\u2022 Agronomic use<\/strong><\/p>\n\n                                                                      <\/div>\n                   \n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"accordion-item\">\n                <h2 class=\"accordion-header  collapsed \" style=\"font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 1.5rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.25rem;\">\n                    <button class=\"accordion-button title_regular title_small  collapsed \" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#collapse_8_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\"  aria-expanded=\"false\"  aria-controls=\"collapse_8_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\" style=\"font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 1.5rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.25rem;\">\n                    8. What about PFAS, pathogens, and odors?\n                    <\/button>\n                <\/h2>\n                <div id=\"collapse_8_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse   \" data-bs-parent=\"#accordion_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\">\n                    <div class=\"accordion-body text_regular\" style=\"padding-left: 2.5rem; padding-right: 2.5rem;\">\n                        <p>The <strong data-start=\"3024\" data-end=\"3059\">output slurry is sterilized<\/strong> (pathogen-free) immediately after leaving the reactor, simplifying management.<\/p>\n<p>The technology acts as a \u201c<strong data-start=\"3181\" data-end=\"3190\">shield<\/strong>,\u201d reducing PFAS and pathogens. For every project, <strong data-start=\"3305\" data-end=\"3345\">sampling and laboratory tests<\/strong> are planned to certify performance on your specific sludge.<\/p>\n\n                                                                      <\/div>\n                   \n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"accordion-item\">\n                <h2 class=\"accordion-header  collapsed \" style=\"font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 1.5rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.25rem;\">\n                    <button class=\"accordion-button title_regular title_small  collapsed \" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#collapse_9_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\"  aria-expanded=\"false\"  aria-controls=\"collapse_9_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\" style=\"font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 1.5rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.25rem;\">\n                    9. HTC vs. Bio-drying: what is the real difference?\n                    <\/button>\n                <\/h2>\n                <div id=\"collapse_9_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse   \" data-bs-parent=\"#accordion_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\">\n                    <div class=\"accordion-body text_regular\" style=\"padding-left: 2.5rem; padding-right: 2.5rem;\">\n                        <p>With HTC, <strong>there is no water evaporation but an effective reduction in dry volume<\/strong> due to the transfer of part of the dry matter into the <strong>liquid phase in the form of organic acids<\/strong> and the <strong>hydrophobic<\/strong> nature of the post-reactor solid. Therefore, for the same &#8220;initial % dry matter,&#8221; the <strong>volume to be managed<\/strong> after HTC can be <strong>much lower<\/strong> compared to classic bio-drying.<\/p>\n\n                                                                      <\/div>\n                   \n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"accordion-item\">\n                <h2 class=\"accordion-header  collapsed \" style=\"font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 1.5rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.25rem;\">\n                    <button class=\"accordion-button title_regular title_small  collapsed \" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#collapse_10_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\"  aria-expanded=\"false\"  aria-controls=\"collapse_10_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\" style=\"font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 1.5rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.25rem;\">\n                    10. Material\/Energy Recovery\n                    <\/button>\n                <\/h2>\n                <div id=\"collapse_10_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse   \" data-bs-parent=\"#accordion_block_ece0dacc521b187eb269b98aa68eca7b\">\n                    <div class=\"accordion-body text_regular\" style=\"padding-left: 2.5rem; padding-right: 2.5rem;\">\n                        <p data-start=\"3965\" data-end=\"3988\">The standard path:<\/p>\n<ol data-start=\"3989\" data-end=\"4513\">\n<li data-start=\"3989\" data-end=\"4083\">\n<p data-start=\"3992\" data-end=\"4083\"><strong data-start=\"3992\" data-end=\"4034\">Laboratory &#038; testing on client biomass<\/strong> \u2192 technical-economic <strong data-start=\"4037\" data-end=\"4062\">feasibility study<\/strong>;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4084\" data-end=\"4201\">\n<p data-start=\"4087\" data-end=\"4201\"><strong data-start=\"4087\" data-end=\"4106\">Sizing<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4202\" data-end=\"4513\">\n<p data-start=\"4205\" data-end=\"4513\"><strong data-start=\"4205\" data-end=\"4230\">Downstream integration<\/strong>: if necessary, option to <strong data-start=\"4254\" data-end=\"4285\">manage the output solid<\/strong> up to <strong data-start=\"4295\" data-end=\"4312\">incineration<\/strong> (with attention to <strong data-start=\"4332\" data-end=\"4343\">phosphorus<\/strong> in the ashes, a critical raw material).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-start=\"4205\" data-end=\"4513\">The objective, where possible, is always to <strong data-start=\"4413\" data-end=\"4448\">avoid landfill\/incineration<\/strong> through <strong data-start=\"4465\" data-end=\"4481\">end-of-waste<\/strong> outlets and <strong data-start=\"4484\" data-end=\"4512\">material\/energy recovery<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n                                                                      <\/div>\n                   \n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                                        <\/div>\n\n        <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1716","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/carborem.greenthesisgroup.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1716","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/carborem.greenthesisgroup.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/carborem.greenthesisgroup.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carborem.greenthesisgroup.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carborem.greenthesisgroup.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1716"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/carborem.greenthesisgroup.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1716\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1770,"href":"https:\/\/carborem.greenthesisgroup.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1716\/revisions\/1770"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/carborem.greenthesisgroup.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1716"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}